Field density method- Sand replacement method

AIM

Determine the in situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders.

Theory
The in situ density of natural soil is needed for the determination of bearing capacity of soils, for the purpose of stability analysis of slopes, for the determination of pressures on underlying strata for the calculation of settlement and the design of underground structures. It is very quality control test, where compaction is required, in the cases like
embankment and pavement construction.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sand pouring cylinder of 3 litre/16.5 litre capacity, mounted above a pouring come and separated by a shutter cover plate.

Tools for excavating holes; suitable tools such as scraper tool to make a level surface.
Cylindrical calibrating container with an internal diameter of 100 mm/200 mm and an internal depth of 150 mm/250 mm fitted with a flange 50 mm/75 mm wide and about 5mm surrounding the open end, Balance to weigh unto an accuracy of 1g. 

Metal containers to collect excavated soil, Metal tray with 300 mm/450 mm square and 40 mm/50 mm deep with a 100 mm/200 mm diameter hole in the centre.

Glass plate about 450 mm/600 mm square and 10mm thick.

Clean, uniformly graded natural sand passing through 1.00 mm I.S.sieve and retained on the 600micron I.S.sieve. It shall be free from organic matter and shall have been oven dried and exposed to atmospheric humidity

Suitable non-corrodible airtight containers.

Thermostatically controlled oven with interior on non-corroding material to maintain the temperature between 1050C to 1100C.

A dessicator with any desiccating agent other than sulphuric acid.

THEORY
By conducting this test it is possible to determine the field density of the soil. The
moisture content is likely to vary from time and hence the field density also. So it is
required to report the test result in terms of dry density. 

PROCEDURE
Calibration of the Cylinder

1. Fill the sand pouring cylinder with clean sand so that the level of the sand in the cylinder is within about 10 mm from the top. Find out the initial weight of the cylinder plus sand (W1) and this weight should be maintained constant throughout the test for which the calibration is used.

2. Allow the sand of volume equal to that of the calibrating container to run out of the cylinder by opening the shutter, close the shutter and place the cylinder on the glass sand takes place in the cylinder close the shutter and remove the cylinder carefully.
Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. Its weight(W2) gives the weight of sand filling the cone portion of the sand pouring cylinder.
Repeat this step at least three times and take the mean weight (W2) Put the sand back into the sand pouring cylinder to have the same initial constant weight (W1)

Determination of Bulk Density of Soil
3. Determine the volume (V) of the container be filling it with water to the brim. Check this volume by calculating from the measured internal dimensions of the container.
4. Place the sand poring cylinder centrally on yhe of the calibrating container making sure that constant weight (W1) is maintained. Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the container. When no further movement of sand is seen close the shutter, remove the pouring cylinder and find its weight (W3).

Determination of Dry Density of Soil In Place
5. Approximately 60 sqcm of area of soil to be tested should be trimmed down to a level surface,approximately of the size of the container. Keep the metal tray on the level surface and excavate a circular hole of volume equal to that of the calibrating container. Collect all the excavated soil in the tray and find out the weight of the excavated soil (Ww). Remove the tray, and place the sand pouring cylinder filled to constant weight so that the base of the cylinder covers the hole concentrically. Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the hole. Close the shutter when no further movement of the sand is seen. Remove the cylinder and determine its weight (W3).

6. Keep a representative sample of the excavated sample of the soil for water content
determination.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Sl No.	Calibration	1	2	3
1.	Weight of sand in cone (of pouring cylinder) W2 gm
2.	Volume of calibrating container (V) in cc
3.	Weight of sand + cylinder before pouring W3 gm
4.	Weight of sand + cylinder after pouring W3 gm
5.	Weight of sand to fill calibrating containers Wa = (W1-W3-W2) gm
6.	Bulk density of sand gs = Wa / V gm/cc

SLNo	Measurement of Soil Density	1	2	3
1.	Weight of wet soil from hole Ww gm
2.	Weight of sand + cylinder before pouring W1 gm
3.	Weight of sand in hole Wb = (W1-W2-W4) gm
4.	Bulk density gb = (Ww /Wb) gs gm/cc
5.	Water content determination
6.	Container number
7.	Weight of wet soil
8.	Weight of dry soil
9.	Moisture content (%)
10.	Dry density gd = gb / (1+w) gm/cc

REMARKS
1. While calibrating the bulk density of sand great care has to be taken.
2. The excavated hole must be equal to the volume of the calibrating container.

Geotechnicial Engineering laboratory test

1. Physical properties of minerals
2. Determination of natural moisture of soil
3. Determination of specific gravity of soil
4. Sand replacement method
5. Sieve analysis-Grain distribution
6. Hydrometer analysis of soil
7. Determination of liquid limit
8. Determination of Plastic limit
9. Determination of Shrinkage limit
10. Direct shear test
11. Proctor test